While magazines kept publicizing the "death of punk-rock", hardcore became a pervasive movement that did not leave any town (or country) untouched. As if galvanized by its own death, the movement took on a life of its own and became a genre within the genre. In the 1990s that genre, in turn, spawned a number of sub-genres.

First and foremost, there was "emocore", the style invented in the late 1980s by Rites Of Spring and the Washington contingent. Their "emotional" hardcore alternated quiet and furious musical parts, admitted moody arrangements, indulged in time changes and mid-tempo rhythms, leveraged emotional singing that could whisper as well as shout within the same song, and was not limited to the short/fast format of hardcore. In other words, it was almost the negation of hardcore.

While the genre was, by definition, rather loose, bands that fell into the category during the 1990s included: San Francisco's Jawbreaker, with Unfun (1990); Oregon's Heatmiser, the group of songwriter Elliott Smith and bassist Sam Coomes (formerly of Donner Party), with Dead Air (1993); Los Angeles' Weezer, the most successful of the batch, with Weezer (1994); Seattle's Sunny Day Real Estate (2), the vehicle for songwriter Jeremy Enigk (the prototypical anguished voice of emocore), with the lengthy and elaborate compositions of Diary (1994) and How It Feels To Be Something On (1998); Los Angeles' Sense Field; Wisconsin's Promise Ring, with 30 Degrees Everywhere (1996); Illinois' Braid, with The Age Of Octeen (1996); Texas' And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead with And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead (1997); Texas' At The Drive In, featuring guitarist Omar Rodriguez and singer Cedric Bixler, with In Casino Out (1998); the Get Up Kids, with Four Minute Mile (1998), which were among the most successful; Kentucky's Elliott, with False Cathedrals (2000); Kansas' Appleseed Cast, with Mare Vitalis (2000), Buffalo's Snapcase, with Designs for Automotion (2000); Chicago's Alkaline Trio, with Goddamnit (1998); Arizona's Jimmy Eat World, with Clarity (1999), the most popular at the turn of the decade; etc. All of them emphasized melody over fury, and emotions over rebellion.

Seaweed (1) moved from the popcore of Weak (1992) to the grunge, metal and punk hybrid of Four (1993) to the power-ballads of Spanaway (1995), showing a maturity that was unusual within the hardcore scene; and then vocalist Aaron Stauffer, a worthy heir to the melodic/populist tradition of Bob Mould (Husker Du) and Paul Westerberg (Replacements), formed Gardener (1) with Screaming Trees' bassist Van Conner, which released the natural evolution of Seaweed's sound: the romantic New Dawning Time (1999).

Rainer Maria (1) relied on the male/female vocal harmonies of Kyl Fischer and Caithlin DeMarrais, and on complex dynamics for the psychological studies of Past Worn Searching (1998).

New Jersey's Wrens invented a form of "emo-pop" with Secaucus (1996) and perfected it to a manic degree on Meadowlands (2003).

Emocore represented the terminal point of the trajectory of punk-rock that started in 1976. Back then punk-rock was nihilistic: it boasted that it had no meaning, that it had no interest in society, that it had no emotion. However, shortly thereafter, punks began to show political awareness. Punk-rock acquired a meaning (whether left-wing or right-wing), displayed not indifference for society but a deep-seated anger, and basically transferred the power of the music to the public level. Not only did emocore had a meaning, but that meaning was now highly private, retreating from social sphere to the individual sphere. Not only did emocore display emotions, but it was highly emotional. Despite the similarity in tone, emocore represented almost the exact opposite of what punk-rock aimed to be in 1976.

Washington's progressive hardcore

Washington was still the home of a highly-creative hardcore scene, the epitome of "progressive hardcore".

Nation Of Ulysses (10) concocted the explosive, theatrical agit-prop sound of Plays Pretty For Baby (1992), an album that was the Clinton-age equivalent of MC5 and Public Enemy. The band's cacophony was tamed by hysterical vocalist Ian Svenonius in an epic way. Guitarist Tim Green moved to San Francisco and formed the Fucking Champs, while Svenonius reformed the band with a slightly different line-up and a new name, Make-Up (2): Destination Love (1996), a conceptual exercise of community-based music, and the more organic In Mass Mind (1998) experimented with a deranged gospel-funk-rock sound borrowed from Gang Of Four, Pop Group and Contortions.

Shudder To Think (1) became the King Crimson of hardcore with Get Your Goat (1992) and Pony Express Record (1994), featuring new guitarist Nathan Larson, that were full of sophisticated and eccentric nuances.

Jawbox (1), led by former Government Issue's bassist Jay Robbins, created an opus that was both melodic and electic, charged with pathos as well as neurosis, on Grippe (1991) and Novelty (1992), only to increase the doses of electricity on For My Special Sweetheart (1994).

Edsel (1) not only applied the noise-rock lessons of Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr and My Bloody Valentine on Everlasting Belt Co (1993) but continued to evolve it until they reached the level of polish, adulteration and elasticity of Techniques Of Speed Hypnosis (1995)

Lungfish (1) were the vehicle for Daniel Higgs' sociopolitical philophizing. His favorite medium was the tension-filled and almost messianic simplicity of Pass And Stow (1994), and eventually he and his cohorts fell under the spell of Indian ragas and Buddhist trance on Indivisible (1997) and Artificial Horizon (1998).

Circus Lupus (1) experimented with post-hardcore ideas that were as adventurous and irregular as Minutemen's and Saccharine Trust's on Super Genius (1992), displaying a technical prowess that was virtually unmatched. Circus Lupus' vocalist Chris Thomson and guitarist Chris Hamley started Monorchid (1) to pursue a sound that was even more jarring and feverish, as documented on Let Them Eat (1997).

Branch Manager's Branch Manager (1995) Smart Went Crazy's Now We're Even (1996) were among the albums of hardcore punk-rock that were almost progressive-rock. Avail, instead, went straight for the hearts with Over the James (1998).

In the meantime, Chisel, on Set You Free (1997), and especially Dismemberment Plan (1), on Emergency and I (1999), a sci-fi concept album enhanced with all sorts of studio witchcraft, fused progressive hardcore with new wave and power-pop.

No other scene in the world mustered so many talents as Washington's.

Ska-core

The fusion of ska and punk-rock, pioneered in Britain in the late 1970s, became extremely popular everywhere in the USA during the 1990s.

The San Francisco Bay Area was one of the epicenters of the ska-punk revolution. Operation Ivy were part of Berkeley's legendary "Gilman Street" scene, but their album Energy (1989) stretched beyond punk-rock, encompassing ska and surf. From their ashes, two groups were born. Their guitarist, Tim "Lint" Armstrong, formed Rancid (1), and proceeded to sell the idea to the masses. Rancid (1993) and especially Let's Go (1994) disguised the rebellious spirit of hardcore under the appearance of exuberant wit, irresistible rhythms and catchy refrains. It was Clash's recipe for a new generation; and the less threatening potion of And Out Come The Wolves (1995) found an even bigger audience. The other group, Dance Hall Crashers (1), boasted two female singers and favored joyful fanfares played with a naive verve more akin to girl-groups of the Sixties than hardcore of the Nineties, particularly on Lockjaw (1995).

The phenomenon was also pioneered in Boston by Mighty Mighty Bosstones, who penned amusing collections such as Question The Answers (1994).

Elsewhere, Florida's Less Than Jake delivered the explosive Pezcore (1994); Kansas' Gadjits the infectious At Ease (1997); New York's Slackers the eclectic Redlight (1997); Washington's Pietasters the soul-inflected Willis (1997); Chicago's Lucky Boys Confusion the multi-faceted Growing Out Of It (1998); etc.

Los Angeles became the capital of ska-core thanks to Bradley Nowell's Sublime (1), who coined one of the most anthemic styles on 40 Oz To Freedom (1992); No Doubt, fronted by a female vocalist (Gwen Stefani), who broke through with Tragic Kingdom (1995); Voodoo Glow Skulls, with generic packages such as Band Geek Mafia (1998); Hepcat, Reel Big Fish, Suicide Machines, etc.

Best in England were probably Citizen Fish, born from the ashes of the Subhumans, and best in the rest of Europe were probably Sweden's Millencolin. Irish expatriates Black 47 fused Celtic music, ska, punk-rock, rap and rhythm'n'blues, starting with Fire Of Freedom (1993).

Punk-pop

Hardcore climbed the charts (twenty years after it was invented by the Ramones) with "popcore", the new variation on Buzzcock's punk-pop. It was, again, San Francisco that bridged the gap between the charts and the punks.

By capitalizing on the style pioneered in the mid 1980s by Mr T Experience, Green Day (1) became one of the money-making machines of the decade, thanks to the infectious hooks and riffs of Dookie (1994) and to the generic pop of Time Of Your Life (1997) and Minority (2000).

The success of Green Day helped unveil a crowded scene: A.F.I., No Use For A Name, Pansy Division, leaders of "queer-core", etc.

The Seattle scene, which had been primed by the Fastbacks, yielded several of the best pop-core bands.

Rusty Willoughby's Pure Joy belonged to the generation of the Fastbacks, but emerged only with Carnivore (1990). Willoughby and the Fastbacks's drummer Nate Johnson formed Flop (1), who revisited the deceptive simplicity of Cheap Trick and the Buzzcocks on impeccable packages such as Flop & The Fall Of The Mopsqueezer (1992) and especially Whenever You're Ready (1993).

Other purveyors of fast and loud bubblegum included: Pop Sickle, Fitz Of Depression, MXPX, etc.

Although its bands (Descendents, Bad Religion and the likes) had inspired Green Day, in the 1990s Los Angeles was, de facto, a colony of San Francisco, recycling whatever was successful up north. Pennywise (1) led the charge with Pennywise (1991), and a sound that, while respectful of the masters of "beach punk", was also more pensive and atmospheric, eventually achieving the depth of Unknown Road (1993). Many of the Los Angeles bands of this generation surfaced after Green Day's breakthrough, but had been roaming the city's clubs for years: Face To Face, with Don't Turn Away (1992); Joykiller, formed by T.S.O.L.'s veterans; F.Y.P.; etc. Most successful of them all were Offspring, that competed with Green Day's mass appeal on Smash (1994).

The Humpers sounded more sincere than the average of these clones of Screeching Weasel, because their Positively Sick On 4th Street (1992) harked back to the original style of the Ramones and the New York Dolls.

The Streetwalkin' Cheetahs rediscovered catchy punk-rock for the "street" generation on Overdrive (Alive, 1997).

Chicago, the city where Screeching Weasel had preached the gospel of punk-pop, boasted perhaps the greatest of punk-poppers, Pegboy (11). Formed by Naked Raygun's guitarist John Haggerty and other hardcore veterans, they crafted a sound that was frantic and barbaric, but that, at the same time, carried hummable tunes. Every single beat of Strong Reaction (1991) was "wrong" in a unique way that made it just about "perfect", delivering a dynamite emotional punch straight to the core of Haggerty's stories. Abandoning the excesses of that stormy and visceral style, Pegboy penned Earwig (1994), hell's version of Green Day.

Rick Valentin's Poster Children started out with the brainy noise-rock of Tool Of Man (1992), featuring drummer John Herndon, but converted to a more accessible style on Junior Citizen (1995).

Another bastion of punk-pop was located in North Carolina: Mac McCaughan's Superchunk (1) resurrected the original spirit of punk-rock, but without the negative overtones (the Ramones rather than the Sex Pistols). The exuberant mood of their second album, No Pocky For Kitty (1991), was almost the anti-thesis of hardcore. Mac McCaughan's alter-ego, Portastatic, originally formed to vent the more introspective side of his art, eventually merged with Superchunk's punk-pop, and possibly obscured it, on The Summer of the Shark (2003) and Bright Ideas (2005).

Punk-pop became a unifying idiom for America's teenagers: Canada's Cub, with Betti-Cola (1993); Washington's Tuscadero, with Pink Album (1994); Alabama's Shame Idols, with I Got Time (1995); etc.

New Hampshire's Queers (1), delivered a barrage of catchy, pummeling refrains on Love Songs For The Retarded (1993), coupled with outrageously decadent sex/drugs lyrics, and eventually turned their career into a tribute to the Ramones.

Towards the end of the decade the genre became as mainstream as pop muzak thanks to groups such as Florida's New Found Glory, that had started out with the "old school" sound of Nothing Gold Can Stay (1999), and Kansas City's Get Up Kids, that had started out with Four Minute Mile (1998). Both later achieved stardom with a much watered-down version of punk-pop.

England's punk-pop elite basically comprised five bands: Leatherface, whose Mush (1991) was perhaps the greatest album of this generation, Senseless Things, Ned's Atomic Dustbin , Mega City Four, Seers. While they probably did not deserve the notoriety granted to them by the British press, their sound at least tried to counter the avalanche of Brit-pop. However it was, instead, Brit-pop that eventually influenced (in an evil way) punk-rock and led to the crass commercial sounds of Fretblanket and Idlewild, perhaps the best of the bunch with Hope Is Important (1999).

Australia fared much better with The Living End, whose The Living End (1998) launched the new stars of the genre.

California garage-punk

An eclectic punk-rock style was pioneered in San Diego by Pitchfork, the band of guitarist John Reis and vocalist Rick Farr, who recorded Eucalyptus (1990) and went on to form Drive Like Jehu (11), one of the most innovative punk bands in the world. They first turned angst into a shimmering cascade of emotions on Drive Like Jehu (1991), and then proceeded to compose the soundtrack of a nervous breakdown on Yank Crime (1994), one of the most catastrophic and excoriating albums of the time, whose vocabulary was so complex and effective that guitar-based punk songs began to sound like hyper-dramatic mini-symphonies.

Rocket From The Crypt (11), the new band formed by Drive Like Jehu's guitarist John "Speedo" Reis, embodied the quintessence of both 1960s' garage-punk and 1990s' hardcore. Paint As A Fragrance (1991), a parade of lethal, abrasive, turbo-charged acts of fury, was only the appetizer for Circa Now (1993), an anthemic synthesis of wild rock'n'roll that evoked the Fleshtones as well as the Heartbreakers. Their art of riffs was so recklessly retro` that albums such as Scream Dracula Scream (1995) and RFTC (1998) sounded like collections of covers.

Albums such as aMiniature's Plexiwatt (1992) and Fluf's Mangravy (1993) laid the foundations for the scene that eventually yielded the commercial success of Tom Delonge's Blink 182 with Enema Of The State (1999).

In San Francisco, Zen Guerrilla (2) blended punk's demented speed with black music (blues, soul and rhythm'n'blues) on the roaring Positronic Raygun (1998), the fervent Trance States In Tongues (1999) and the visceral Shadows On The Sun (2001). Clikatat Ikatowi were among the most innovative on their Orchestrated and Conducted (1996).

Jazzcore

"Jazzcore" thrived in the background, but the idea that had been of Minutemen, Universal Congress, Saccharine Trust and others fueled the creative work of numerous bands. The Los Angeles school was continued by Bazooka (1), saxophonist Tony Atherton's hardcore adaptation of the ideas of Frank Zappa, Albert Ayler and Thelonious Monk, particularly on Perfectly Square (1993); and by Trash Can School, whose Sick Jokes And Wet Dreams (1992) harked back to the visceral blues-punk sound of Pop Group and Birthday Party.

Utah's Iceburn (2) fused the languages of progressive-rock, jazz, metal and harcore on Firon (1992) and on the monumental Hephaestus (1993). The latter's brainy jams opened a number of stylistic avenues that the band would take a decade to fully explore. Poetry Of Fire (1995) introduced elements of classical music and atonal avantgarde, not to mention Indian ragas, while veering towards the loose structures of free-jazz, a metamorphosis that continued on Iceburn Collective's Meditavolutions (1996), featuring the suite Sphinx, one of their most terrible and accomplished works, and was completed with the three lengthy group improvisations of Polar Bear Suite (1997).

San Diego's Creedle unleashed Silent Weapons For Quiet Wars (1994), inspired by John Zorn's hyper-kinetic nonsense jazz.

New York's Stratotanker offered atonal punk-jazz on Baby Test The Sky (1996) that evoked the unlikely wedding of Captain Beefheart and Miles Davis.

Oregon's Irving Klaw Trio wed the spastic dementia of Red Crayola and Captain Beefheart with the avant-jazz architecture of Frank Zappa and Can on Utek Pahjoo Mogol (1997).

The Minutemen were still an important reference point for the dissonant, angular hardcore of combos such as Maryland's Candy Machine, for example on A Modest Proposal (1994), and Virginia's Kepone, mostly on Ugly Dance (1994).

Sweden's Refused (1), featuring vocalist Dennis Lyzxen, gave their spiritual and artistic testament with their third album The Shape of Punk to Come (1998), whose title paraphrased Ornette Coleman's jazz masterpiece. Their militant jazzcore bridged the generation of the 1980s and the generation of post-rock.

Old school

More or less straightfoward hardcore punk-rock was still pervasive, from New York's crowded scene (Daisycutter, Action Swinger), to Los Angeles' super-crowded scene (Dead Fucking Last, Dave Smalley's Down By Law, Michael "Popeye" Vogelsang's Farside, Dallas Don Burnet's Lutefisk, Ten Foot Pole, Total Chaos, Lagwagon, Guttermouth).

Best in New York (and most faithful to the Ramones and the Sex Pistols) were D Generation, with D Generation (1994); and Electric Frankenstein, with The Time is Now (1995); while Chavez became contenders for the title of greatest Mission Of Burma disciples with the huge hard-rock riffs of Gone Glimmering (1995).

Seattle boasted two of the best revival bands. Supersuckers (1) indulged in Ramones-ian verve on The Smoke Of Hell (1992), and Zeke (1) unwound a breathless parade of lightning-speed bullets on their second album Flat Tracker (1996).

Boston's Dropkick Murphys were the Pogues of the 1990s, detonating traditional Irish songs and even appropriating the sound of bagpipes.

Ohio's Gaunt, with rapid-fire collections such as Kryptonite (1996), were also among the best disciples of the Ramones and the Clash.

New York also boasted a vigorous "straight-edge" movement that included: Shelter, the new band of Youth Of Today's singer Ray Cappo; Karl Buechner's Earth Crisis; H2O.

England was awash in the sweet sound of Brit-pop and could hardly host a hardcore scene. However, bands such as Daisy Chainsaw and Tiger lived up to the heritage of England's great punks, while others added new flavors to that ferocious sound. Silverfish (1) propelled (and, at the same time, sabotaged) angry young girl Lesley Rankine's roars and wails with an anthemic and seismic mixture of unrefined adrenaline and concentrate vitriol on Fat Axl (1991) and Organ Fan (1992). Skunk Anansie, a multi-racial group fronted by bold black lesbian feminist Deborah Anne "Skin" Dyer, unleashed a politicized blend of funk, blues, hardcore, reggae, hip-hop and metal on albums such as Stoosh (1996).

Norway's glam-punks Turbonegro (1) recorded one of the most impressive hardcore albums of the decade, Apocalypse Dudes (1998), that sounded like a hardcore version of Alice Cooper and Kiss.

Post-hardcore

In the second half of the decade, the influence of avantgarde hardcore bands such as Fugazi, Henry Rollins and Jesus Lizard led to a "post-hardcore" style that was convoluted, jittery, sinister, ugly.

Seattle's Unwound (14), the vehicle for Justin Trosper's epileptic sermons, learned the lessons of Sonic Youth, Fugazi and Jesus Lizard and applied them to the brutal, harrowing vision of Fake Train (1993), broadening the lexicon of hardcore with techniques that borrowed from the blues as well as from the avantgarde, while maximizing the emotional impact. It was music that transpired angst and alienation, music of harsh tones, agonizing tempos, demonic vocals. Unwound's essay in intolerable tension continued with New Plastic Ideas (1994) and The Future Of What (1995), that channelled Trosper's hellish angst into a Morse code of ghastly shrieks and gut-wrenching riffs. while flirting with jazz and avantgarde manners, Repetition (1996) and Challenge For A Civilized Society (1998) clarified the subtle mission of the band: a sound that was as loud as the sense of confusion and insecurity of their generation.

Phatom 309's vocalist/guitarist John Forbes recorded the raw and vulgar Sahara Of The Bozart (1992) with Dirt and then the frenzied and dark Put The Creep On (1994) with Mount Shasta.

Texas bred a school of musicians who blended elements of different local schools of the 1980s: hardcore (e.g., Poison 13), psychedelic (e.g, Butthole Surfers) and industrial (e.g., Pain Teens). Crust (1) crafted Crust (1991) and especially Crusty Love (1994), a chaotic, claustrophobic and cacophonous post-industrial symphony. Drain (1), the side-project of Butthole Surfers' drummer King Coffey, mixed Red Crayola, John Cage and nursery-school mayhem on Pick Up Heaven (1992). The music of Pistol Swing (1993) by Johnboy (1) sounded like a chain reaction inside a nuclear reactor, a repulsive magma of manic impulses and subhuman hallucinations.

Several bands from Illinois and Minnesota straddled the line between hardcore and grunge: Janitor Joe, on Big Metal Birds (1993); Tar, on Jackson (1991); Calvin Krime, on You're Feeling So Attractive (1998).

New Jersey's Rye Coalition fused emocore and hard-rock, Fugazi and AC/DC, starting with Hee Saw Dhuh Kaet (1997). A similar maturation was displayed by Florida's Hot Water Music on Fuel for the Hate Game (1996).

Ohio's Terrifying Experience, the project of Guided By Voices' guitarist Mitch Mitchell, experimented with progressive hardcore on Supreme Radial (1999). So did Los Angeles' Stanford Prison Experiment, that tried to bridge that style and funk-metal on The Gato Hunch (1995).

Seattle's Juno (1) specialized in open-ended structures with a wide range of dynamics on This is the Way It Goes And Goes And Goes (Desoto, 1999) and A Future Lived in Past Tense (2001).