Summary:
The Beach Boys started the fire of early Sixties renewal: they fused the four-part harmonies of vocals
groups like the Four Freshmen with Chuck Berry's rock and roll rhythm and a
new genre was born. The Beatles, the Byrds and countless others copied the
idea and the history of popular music would never be the same again.
Ballads such as Don't Worry Baby (1964) were both a synthesis of Phil Spector's "wall of sound", Chuck Berry's teenage vignettes, doo-wop's stately four-part harmonies, and the cornerstone of a new form of pop music.
That form was born with
I Get Around (1964), the greatest of their car songs,
Help Me Rhonda (1965), the most acrobatic of their multi-part vocal inventions,
Barbara Ann (1965), the most anarchic of their geometric constructions,
and Good Vibrations (1966), the first pop hit to employ electronic sounds.
Brian Wilson, the genius behind the Beach Boys' sound
became the quintessential eccentric of melody, particularly on
Pet Sounds (1966) and
the "lost album" Smile (recorded in 1967, but released only in 2004).
Brian Wilson created a unique role for himself when he quit playing:
basically, he was a composer who had a band to perform his repertory.
The Beach Boys became immaterial as Brian Wilson became one of the most
creative composers of songs of all time.
Unfortunately, his wildly eccentric persona eventually self-destroyed.
(Translated from my original Italian text by DommeDamian)
The Beach Boys were the greatest of the surf
music groups, but they would not go down in history for that matter. The
Beach Boys were mostly Brian Wilson, one of the greatest songwriters of the
early 1960s, along with Lennon-McCartney , Lee Hazelwood and a few others. Brian Wilson was possibly the first
popular musician to excel in both composition and arrangement (as well as
inventing a much-imitated style for his instrument, the bass). In this
sense, he was more of a classical composer (with a marked sensitivity for
symphonic polyphony) than a pop singer. The original format of his songs
(surf music) served to pay the bills, but it obviously grew tight to him,
quickly. Even when Wilson emancipated himself from that format and began
producing more elaborate songs, however, his career remained essentially a
wasted career: with that ear he could have achieved much more than just songs.
The Beach Boys were born
from a simple but brilliant idea, one of those ideas that end up influencing an
entire era: merging vocal groups and rock and roll. Brian Wilson was
fascinated as much by the four-part harmonies of the Four Freshmen (the most
successful group of the 1950s) as by the guitar riffs and fever pitch of Chuck Berry. The Beach
Boys were not much more than the fusion of the two. But it was that exact
spark that unleashed a musical and social revolution, which would give birth to
the Beatles and Byrds, which would forever
change the concept of melodic music.
The Beach Boys, more
humbly, also represented the beginning Californian music’s golden
age. California had not been one of the music capitals but it became one
after their success and for the rest of the century its importance would only
increase. Elements of the Beach Boys will remain in the music of
subsequent generations.
The music of the Beach
Boys was essentially the music of the white bourgeoisie that had rejected and
criminalized rock and roll and its pornographic stars and thugs. As in the
case of the Beatles,
the ethereal atmospheres distilled by these children of the metropolitan
suburbs concealed for a moment the turmoil of the ghettos and the restlessness
of an entire generation. But they constituted an essential link in the
evolutionary chain of vocal rock, which, starting from the rockabilly of
the Everly Brothers,
was to arrive at the folk-rock of the Byrds.
The Beach Boys entered
the surf music scene in December 1961 ( Surfin ' , followed
by Surfin' Safari in June 1962) as a typical family-run group
(three brothers, a cousin and a neighbor) of conservative America. They
had chosen to sing about surfing because Dick Dale was the phenomenon of the
moment in Los Angeles, but in reality, the band themselves weren't even
surfers.
The group represented
continuity with the vocal groups of the 1950s and did not worry middle-class
America as the rockers had done. If the format was harmless, their songs
were even of an almost grotesque simplicity: centered around a catchy refrain,
and teenage lyrics, they used all their voices to enhance its effect. The
melody became something ethereal and celestial thanks to the pure timbre of the
singers, and to a limpid art of falsettos and counter-songs. The
instrumentation mattered little or not. It was a purely vocal style,
borrowed from sacred hymn, from the harmonies of doo-wop and gospel, and from
antiphonal rockabilly, clearly derived from that of the Four
Freshmen. What was unique was the spirit, which burst up a joy of living
from all the notes.
From a marketing point of view, the idea was just as brilliant: for the first
time a musical genre was entirely dedicated to the most innocent adolescent
entertainment, and sonically represented its enthusiasm. Rock and roll
hadn't been quite as innocent, and certainly not as peaceful and cheerful.
Brian Wilson composed
the songs himself, rarely consulting with others, who often just followed his
orders. Carl Wilson played the guitar and has the merit of having coined a
sound to the instrument (even if that sound is the antithesis of
virtuosity). Mike Love, Brian's cousin, was the official "frontman",
but repulsive compared to Presley or the Beatles. Dennis, Brian's brother,
was almost as trite a drummer as Ringo Starr.
At first the theme of
the songs was the sport of surfing, but soon Brian Wilson began to wander over
the whole universe of youth "fun", which in California was
particularly innocent and carefree.
Surfin USA , the disc that in 1963 launched them to
the top of rankings sale, was an adaptation of Sweet Little Sixteen by Chuck Berry, with typical
twelve blues beats, with the "walking bass" used to boogie, and Beats
hands in countertime (pause, clap / clap, pause, clap / pause, clap / clap,
pause, clap).
The first three albums
are named after as their many successful singles. The first two are Surfin’ Safari (Capitol,
October 1962) and Surfin' USA (Capitol, 1963). Surfer
Girl (Capitol, September 1963) is a more curated album, containing the
slow romantic ballads In My Room and Surfer Girl ,
as well as Little Deuce Coupe. By this point Brian Wilson was
already writing almost all of the band's material, but the pace of production
was hellish. Little Deuce Coupe (Capitol, October 1963)
contains the hit Be True To Your School , but was released
only a single month after the previous one and could not boast anymore.
In 1964 they already had
several gold records and small classics of their simple and easy art behind
them, in particular
the album of the period is Shut Down Volume 2 (March
1964). Fun Fun Fun is another masterpiece, with a typical
Chuck Berry "ringing" guitar introduction and doo-wop choral
counterpoints. Don't Worry Baby (1964), with Hal Blaine on
drums, is Wilson at his most boring pop, but a masterpiece for those who love Revolver-era Beatles .
All Summer Long (Capitol, July 1964) is the first
"experimental" album by the Beach Boys, in the sense that it does not
contain only silly surf dances. In particular I Get Around (1964),
the most complex vocal vortex of their career and one of the most easygoing
songs, is the masterpiece of this period (with Hal Blaine on drums). Wendy and All
Summer Long are mini-jewels of naive melodiousness.
Brian Wilson had become
the composer of the group and was no longer interested in the part of the bass
player. Struck by a first nervous breakdown (and notoriously drug addict),
Wilson retired from the stage and reduced his role to that of composer, a role
more unique than rare in rock music. While the other Beach Boys were on
tour (having replaced him with Bruce Johnston), Brian Wilson was studying new
production techniques and writing more and more bizarre songs. The Beach
Boys' contribution was purely vocal. Everything else was played by savvy
sessionmen, chosen and directed by Brian Wilson.
The Beach Boys Today (March 1965) contains When I Grow
Up , Please Let Me Wonder , and especially Help
Me Rhonda , another masterpiece of vocal counterpoint (but the version
on the album, titled without the "h", is more gorgeous and more
slow), but with a more goliardic novelty trend than doo-wop. Dance
Dance Dance was a bridge to the past, an unbridled rock and roll with
classic three-part vocal harmonies. Also on the back of the
single Help Me Rhonda was Kiss Me Baby . Don't
Worry Baby was another romantic arrangement tour de force.
Summer Days (July 1965), influenced by the productions
of Phil Spector, unveils California Girls , one of the posters
of their model of life, but Wilson becomes more and more eccentric in songs
like Let Him Run Wild and I'm Bugged At My Old Man that
now belong to another era. Each of these albums is naturally full of
"fillers" and hits.
Party! (Capitol, November 1965) features Barbara
Ann , the most famous party joke of the time, actually sung by Dean
Torrence of Jan And Dean. Like Help Me Rhonda and California
Girls , it was an exquisite essay on the suggestive power of vocal
reverbs from I Get Around .
There was no trace of
Dylan's protest song in their songs. Their lyrics were silent about the
Vietnam War, the peace marched and the sit-ins. Theirs was a home world,
made up of the silly little everyday things. Their hits were melodic
miniatures of middle-class youth entertainment. With the Beach Boys the
American dream was tinged with beaches, picnics, parties and endless summers.
Brian Wilson's operation
was of a completely different kind. Wilson frescoed a microcosm, that of
the Californian middle-class, and elevated it to "Promised Land" with
an operation that was mythological and almost biblical.
Even more surprising was
the fact that their music was produced in such a patently amateur way. The
recording studios of the majors employed increasingly shrewd teams of arrangers
and sessionmen to get the most out of a singer's interpretation. The Beach
Boys, on the other hand, were spokespeople for a "familiar" style of
production (choir and guitars without any particular makeup). Their basses
and falsettos were very mediocre compared to the baritones and tenors of the
majors, and the lyrics were certainly less polished than the Broadway
melodramas, yet it was in them, their magic was in their carefree amateurism,
that the young people recognized themselves. It was a revelation for
everyone.
However, the Beatles ' Rubber
Soul had upped the ante for pop music with his Carthusian arrangements
and Wilson was aware that their underground style had its days numbered in an
increasingly "electric" musical world. Wilson then gave his tour
de force as a composer and arranger: Pet Sounds (Reprise,
1966), released on May 16th, 1966. Not only was it a concept album (a
collection of "rock motets", according to the author, which describe
the maturation of a young man through his love experiences and his friendships
, with an underlying pessimistic message), but it was full of eccentric sounds
and the songs seemed like collages obtained with a painstaking art of editing,
making use of a small orchestra (trombone, harmonica, harpsichord, bells,
violins). The songs follow each other as in a melodic fantasy, alternating
the romantic Brian Wilson of Wouldn't It Be Nice , Caroline
No (harpsichord), You Still Believe In Me , and God
Only Knows (which Paul McCartney considers his favorite song ever)
with French horn, harpsichord, rattles, flutes and clarinet. But also the
neurotically autobiographical Brian Wilson of I Just Wasn't Made For
These Times (with the Theremin) and That's Not Me. The
instrumental Let's Go Away For Awhile is a chamber sonata for
12 violins, four saxophones, two basses, piano, oboe, vibraphone, guitar and
percussion. Sloop John B was the only concession to the
charts. The lyrics were co-written by Tony Asher. Among the musicians
were Glen Campbell on guitar, Steve Douglas on saxophone, Paul Horn on flute,
Larry Knechtel on keyboards, Hal Blaine on drums. Obviously Pet
Sounds was the least selling of all their albums at the time. Pet
Sounds is also now one of the most overrated albums ever.
Pet Sounds would be reissued in 1996 in a quadruple box: mono mix,
stereo mix, vocals, etc.
The manifesto of the
new, sophisticated season was the pressing refrain of Good Vibrations (October
1966), orchestrated in a revolutionary way for the times, thanks to the
synthesizer. Enlisting a bevy of sessionmen from Phil Spector's entourage,
plus jazz and classical musicians, Wilson spent months in the recording studio,
refining his compositions obsessively. Good Vibrations has
often been referred to by international critics as the greatest single of all
time.
Hal Blaine was the Beach
Boys drummer on hits like Good Vibrations , I Get Around , Help
me Rhonda , etc.
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I Beach Boys furono il piu` grande dei gruppi di surf music, ma non passerebbero
alla storia per quel primato. I Beach Boys furono soprattutto Brian Wilson, e
Brian Wilson fu uno dei massimi compositori di canzoni dei primi anni '60,
insieme a Lennon-McCartney,
Lee Hazelwood e pochi altri.
Brian Wilson fu forse il primo musicista popolare a eccellere tanto nella
composizione quanto nell'arrangiamento (oltre a inventare uno stile molto
imitato al proprio strumento, il basso). In tal senso, fu piu` un compositore
classico (con una spiccata sensibilita` per la polifonia sinfonica) che un
cantante di musica pop. Il formato originale delle sue canzoni (la musica
surf) servi` a pagare i conti, ma ovviamente gli crebbe rapidamente stretto.
Anche quando Wilson si emancipo` da quel formato a comincio` a produrre
canzoni piu` elaborate, pero`, la sua rimase sostanzialmente una carriera
sprecata: con quell'orecchio avrebbe potuto ben altro che semplici canzoni.
I Beach Boys nacquero da un'idea semplice ma geniale, una di quelle idee che
finiscono per influenzare un'intera epoca: fondere i gruppi vocali e il rock
and roll. Brian Wilson era affascinato tanto dalle armonie in quattro parti
dei Four Freshmen (il gruppo di maggior successo degli anni '50) quanto dai
riff di chitarra e dal ritmo febbricitante di Chuck Berry.
I Beach Boys non furono altro che la fusione dei due. Ma fu la scintilla che
scateno` una rivoluzione musicale e sociale, che avrebbe partorito
Beatles e Byrds, che avrebbe
cambiato per sempre il concetto di musica melodica.
I Beach Boys, piu` umilmente, rappresentarono anche l'inizio del periodo
d'oro della musica californiana. La California non era stata una delle
capitali della musica ma lo divenne dopo il loro successo e
per il resto del secolo la sua importanza non fara` che aumentare.
Qualcosa dei Beach Boys rimarra` nella musica delle generazioni
successive.
La musica dei Beach Boys fu essenzialmente la musica della borghesia bianca
che aveva respinto e criminalizzato il rock and roll e i suoi divi pornografici
e delinquenti.
Come nel caso dei Beatles,
le eteree atmosfere distillate da questi figli dei sobborghi metropolitani
nascosero per un attimo i subbugli dei ghetti e l'inquietudine di una
generazione intera. Ma costituirono un anello essenziale nella catena
evolutiva del rock vocale, che, partito dal rockabilly degli
Everly Brothers,
doveva approdare al folk-rock dei Byrds.
I Beach Boys si affacciarono sulla scena della surf music nel dicembre del
1961 (Surfin', seguita da Surfin' Safari nel giugno 1962)
come un tipico gruppo a conduzione familiare (tre fratelli, un cugino e
un vicino di casa) dell'America conservatrice.
Avevano scelto di cantare del surf perche' Dick Dale era il fenomeno del
momento a Los Angeles, ma in realta` non erano neppure surfers.
Il gruppo rappresentava la continuita` con i gruppi vocali degli anni '50
e non impensieriva l'America borghese come avevano fatto i rocker.
Se il formato era innocuo, le loro canzoni erano addirittura di una
semplicita` quasi grottesca: imperniate attorno a un ritornello orecchiabile,
e a testi da teenager, usavano tutte le voci per aumentarne l'effetto.
La melodia diventava qualcosa di etereo e celestiale grazie al
timbro purissimo dei cantanti, e a un'arte limpida di falsetti e controcanti.
La strumentazione contava poco o nulla. Era uno stile prettamente vocale,
mutuato dall'innodia sacra, dalle armonie del doo-wop e del gospel,
e dal rockabilly antifonale, chiaramente derivato da quello dei Four Freshmen.
Cio` che era unico era lo spirito, che sprizzava gioia di vivere da tutte le
note.
Da un punto di vista marketing, l'idea era geniale: per la prima volta un
genere musicale era interamente dedicato al piu` innocente
divertimento adolescenziale,
e ne rappresentava sonicamente l'entusiasmo.
Il rock and roll non era stato altrettanto innocente, e certamente non
altrettanto sereno e allegro.
Brian Wilson componeva le canzoni di persona, raramente consultandosi con gli
altri, che spesso si limitavano a eseguire i suoi ordini.
Carl Wilson suonava la chitarra e ha il merito di aver coniato un sound allo
strumento (anche se quel sound e` l'antitesi del virtuosismo).
Mike Love, cugino di Brian, era il "frontman" ufficiale, ma ben poca cosa
paragonato a Presley o ai Beatles. Dennis, il fratello di Brian, era un
batterista tanto banale quanto Ringo Starr nei Beatles.
Dapprima il tema delle sue canzoni era lo sport del surfing, ma presto
Wilson prese a spaziare su tutto l'universo del "fun" giovanile, che in
California era particolarmente innocente e spensierato.
Surfin USA, il disco che nel 1963 li catapulto` ai vertici delle
classifiche'di vendita, era un adattamento di Sweet Little Sixteen
di Chuck Berry,
con le tipiche dodici battute blues, con il "walking bass" usato nel boogie,
e battiti di mani in controtempo (pausa, clap/clap, pausa, clap/pausa,
clap/clap, pausa, clap).
I primi tre album sono intitolati ad altrettanti singoli di successo.
I primi due sono
Surfin' Safari (Capitol, ottobre 1962) e
Surfin' USA (Capitol, 1963).
Surfer Girl (Capitol, settembre 1963)
e` un album piu` curato, che contiene
le lente ballate romantiche In My Room e Surfer Girl, nonche'
Little Deuce Coupe.
A questo punto Brian Wilson scriveva gia` quasi tutto il materiale del gruppo,
ma il ritmo di produzione era infernale.
Little Deuce Coupe (Capitol, ottobre 1963) contiene l'hit
Be True To Your School, ma usciva un solo mese dopo il precedente e
non poteva vantare molto di piu`.
Nel 1964 avevano gia` alle spalle diversi dischi d'oro e piccoli classici
della loro semplice e spigliata arte, in particolare
L'album del periodo e` Shut Down Volume 2 (marzo 1964).
Fun Fun Fun e` un altro capolavoro,
con una tipica introduzione "scampanellante" di chitarra alla Chuck Berry e
contrappunti corali doo-wop.
Don't Worry Baby (1964), con Hal Blaine alla batteria, e` invece Wilson al suo piu` noiosamente pop,
ma un capolavoro per chi ama i Beatles di Revolver.
All Summer Long (Capitol, luglio 1964) e` il primo album "sperimentale"
dei Beach Boys, nel senso che non contiene soltanto scipite danze surf.
In particolare
I Get Around (1964), il vortice vocale piu` complesso della loro
carriera e uno dei brani piu` spigliati, e` il capolavoro di questo periodo
(con Hal Blaine alla batteria).
Wendy e
All Summer Long sono piccoli gioielli di melodismo naive.
Brian Wilson era diventato il compositore del gruppo e non era piu` interessato
alla parte di bassista.
Colpito da un primo esaurimento nervoso (e notoriamente tossicodipendente),
Wilson si ritiro` dalle scene e ridusse il proprio ruolo a quello di
compositore, un ruolo piu` unico che raro nella musica rock.
Mentre gli altri Beach Boys erano in tournee` (avendolo sostituito con
Bruce Johnston), Brian Wilson studiava nuove tecniche di produzione
e scriveva canzoni sempre piu` bizzarre.
Il contributo dei Beach Boys era puramente vocale. Tutto il resto era suonato
da sessionmen smaliziati, scelti e diretti da Brian Wilson.
Today (marzo 1965) contiene When I Grow Up,
Please Let Me Wonder, e soprattutto
Help Me Rhonda, un altro capolavoro di contrappunto
vocale (ma la versione sull'album, intitolata senza la "h", e` piu` sfarzosa
e piu` lenta), ma con un andamento piu` goliardico da novelty di doo-wop.
Dance Dance Dance era il ponte con il passato, uno sbrigliato
rock and roll con le classiche armonie vocali in tre parti.
Sul retro del singolo Help Me Rhonda c'era anche Kiss Me Baby,
un altro tour de force di arrangiamento romantico alla
Don't Worry Baby.
Summer Days (luglio 1965), influenzato dalle produzioni di
Phil Spector, sfodera
California Girls, uno dei manifesti del loro modello di vita,
ma Wilson si fa sempre piu` eccentrico in canzoni come
Let Him Run Wild e I'm Bugged At My Old Man che ormai
appartengono a un'altra era.
Ciascuno di questi album e` naturalmente pieno di "filler" e di hit.
Party (Capitol, novembre 1965) contiene
Barbara Ann, lo scherzo da party piu` famoso di tutti i tempi,
in realta` cantato da Dean Torrence degli Jan And Dean.
Come Help Me Rhonda e
California Girls, si trattava di uno
squisito saggio sul potere suggestionante dei riverberi
vocali di I Get Around.
Nei loro brani non c'era traccia della canzone di protesta di Dylan.
I loro testi tacevano la guerra nel Vietnam, le marce della pace
e i sit-in. Il loro era un mondo casalingo, fatto delle piccole stupide cose di
tutti i giorni. I loro hit erano miniature melodiche sui divertimenti dei
giovani della classe media.
Con i Beach Boys il sogno americano si tingeva di spiagge, di picnic, di feste
e di estati senza fine.
L'operazione compiuta da Brian Wilson era di tipo completamente diverso.
Wilson affrescava un microcosmo, quello della middle-class californiana,
e lo elevava a "Promised Land" con un'operazione che era mitologica e quasi
biblica.
Ancor piu` sorprendente era il fatto che la loro musica fosse prodotta in un
modo cosi` palesemente amatoriale. Gli studi di registrazione delle major
impiegavano equipe sempre piu` smaliziate di arrangiatori e sessionmen
per ottenere il massimo dall'interpretazione di un cantante. I Beach Boys,
invece, furono portavoce di uno stile "familiare" di produzione (coro e
chitarre senza alcun trucco particolare). I loro bassi e falsetti erano assai
mediocri al confronto dei baritoni e dei tenori delle major,
e i testi erano certo
meno forbiti dei melodrammi di Broadway, eppure fu in loro, fu nel loro dilettantismo
spensierato, che si riconobbero i giovani. Fu una rivelazione per tutti.
Rubber Soul dei Beatles aveva pero` alzato
la posta per la musica pop con i suoi arrangiamenti certosini e Wilson era
conscio che il loro stile da sottoscala aveva i giorni contati in un mondo
musicale sempre piu` "elettrico".
Wilson diede allora il suo tour de force come compositore e arrangiatore:
Pet Sounds (Reprise, 1966), uscito il 16 maggio 1966.
Non solo si trattava di un album concept (una raccolta di "mottetti rock",
secondo l'autore, che descrivano la maturazione di un giovane attraverso
le sue esperienze amorose e le sue amicizie, con un messaggio pessimista di
fondo), ma era ricco di suoni eccentrici e le canzoni sembravano
quasi collage ottenuti con una certosina arte di montaggio, facendo uso di
una piccola orchestra (trombone, armonica, clavicembalo, campanelli, violini).
Le canzoni si susseguono come in una fantasia melodica, alternando il Brian
Wilson romantico di
Wouldn't It Be Nice, Caroline No (clavicembalo),
You Still Believe In Me,
God Only Knows (che Paul McCartney considera la miglior canzone di
sempre, con corno francese, clavicembalo, sonagli, flauti e clarinetto)
al Brian Wilson nevroticamente autobiografico
di I Just Wasn't Made For These Times (con il Theremin)
e That's Not Me.
Lo strumentale
Let's Go Away For Awhile e` una sonata da camera per 12 violini,
quattro sassofoni, due bassi, piano, oboe, vibrafono, chitarra e percussioni.
Sloop John B e` l'unica concessione alle classifiche.
Le liriche furono scritte da Tony Asher.
Tra i musicisti c'erano
Glen Campbell alla chitarra,
Steve Douglas al sassofono,
Paul Horn al flauto,
Larry Knechtel alle tastiere,
Hal Blaine alla batteria.
Naturalmente Pet Sounds fu il meno venduto di tutti i loro album.
Pet Sounds e` anche uno degli album piu` sopravvalutati di sempre.
Pet Sounds verra` ristampato nel 1996 in cofanetto quadruplo:
il mono mix, lo stereo mix, le parti vocali, etc.
Il manifesto della nuova, sofisticata stagione fu
il ritornello incalzante di Good Vibrations (ottobre 1966),
orchestrato in modo rivoluzionario
per i tempi, complice il sintetizzatore.
Arruolati uno stuolo di sessionmen dell'entourage di Phil Spector, piu`
musicisti jazz e classici, Wilson trascorse mesi nello studio di registrazione,
rifinendo le sue composizioni in maniera maniacale.
Good Vibrations e` stato spesso indicato dalla critica internazionale
come il massimo singolo di tutti i tempi.
Hal Blaine era il batterista dei Beach Boys su hit quali
Good Vibrations, I Get Around, Help me Rhonda, etc.
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