The "electroclash" movement was basically a revival of the dance-punk style of the new wave. It was New York dj Lawrence "Larry Tee" who coined the term, and the first Electroclash Festival was held in that city in 2001. However, the movement had its origins on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. One could argue that electroclash was born with Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass (1997), released by Belgian dj Ferenc van der Sluijs under the moniker I-f. At about the same time German house dj Helmut-Josef "DJ Hell" Geier was promoting a scene in Berlin that was basically electroclash.

Another forerunner was French dj Caroline "Miss Kittin" Herve', who had recorded the EP Champagne (1998), a collaboration with Michael "The Hacker" Amato that included the pioneering hit 1982. The duo joined the fad that they had pioneered with First Album (2001).

Britain was first exposed to electroclash when Liverpool's Ladytron released He Took Her To A Movie (1999), that was basically a cover of Kraftwerk's The Model. Next came Liverpool's Robots In Disguise with the EP Mix Up Words and Sounds (2000).

Canadian folksinger Merrill Nisker converted to punk-rock, joined the Shit with fellow provocateur Gonzales, adopted the aesthetic of the riot-grrrrls, enhanced it with a quasi-porn show, moved from Canada to Berlin armed with a drum-machine and a sampler, invented the persona of rapper Peaches, and recorded an album of sex-centric electronic dance music, The Teaches Of Peaches (2001), that basically set Blondie to the rhythm of Salt'n'Pepa and Liz Phair to the rhythm of digital hardcore.

German duo Absurd Minds (1) rediscovered the atmospheric electronic music of Front 242 and gothic synth-pop for the catchy orchestral lieder of Deception (2000).

German-USA-Australian trio Chicks On Speed, a product of Munich's school of art and also a fashion-design unit, offered an amusing take on alternative hip retro dance on 99 Cents (2003).

German dj Ellen "Allien" Fraatz turned dance-music upside down on Berlinette (2003) with her recipe of psychotic vocals, glitchy electronica and crunchy beats.

Other notable electroclash albums of Britain were: the noisy and metal-tinged For Screening Purposes Only (2005) by the Test Icicles, featuring two USA-born members (one of which, guitarist Dev Hynes, black); Hot Chip's The Warning (2006); Attack Decay Sustain Release (2007) by Simian Mobile Disco (James Ford and James Shaw); and You Have No Idea What You're Getting Yourself Into (2008) by Does It Offend You, Yeah?.

One of the most infectious albums of the dance-punk revival came from Montreal's We Are Wolves: Non-Stop Je Te Plie en Deux (2005).

Electroclash in the USA

There were many "first" electroclash singles in the USA, notably Adult's Hand to Phone (2001). The definition of the genre was vague enough that any energetic disco-influenced song could be classified as "electroclash".

Chicago's duo Fischerspooner spearheaded the movement with their throbbing Giorgio Moroder-esque single Emerge (2000) and the album #1 (2002), containing several more of those imitations.

Electronic dance-punk-pop in the vein of the new wave was practiced in New York by Semiautomatic, for example on The Trebuchet (2001), replete with vintage keyboards and home-made instruments, and in Los Angeles by Dance Disaster Movement on We Are From Nowhere (2003).

Oregon's Glass Candy harked back to Blondie's disco-punk on the mini-album Love Love Love (2003).

Las Vegas' Killers, fronted by vocalist and keyboardist Brandon Flowers, harked back to synth-pop of the 1980s with the singles Mr. Brightside (2003) and Somebody Told Me (2004).

New York's duo Ratatat (multi-instrumentalist Evan Mast and guitarist Mike Stroud) rediscovered "big beat" (the fusion of electronic beats and rock guitars propounded by the Chemical Brothers and Daft Punk) on Ratatat (2004), the main difference being that their catchy instrumental electronic rock was filtered through the personality of the laptop.

LCD Soundsystem (2), the project of James Murphy (half of New York's production duo DFA or Death From Above with Tim Goldsworthy), was initially a futile exercise in rehashing beats, melodies and arrangements of the past like most of the electroclash output, as documented on the double-CD LCD Soundsystem (2005). However, its follow-up Sound of Silver (2007) asserted the primacy of the producer over the performers, and James Murphy proved to be one of the few artists since Brian Eno who could make the masses both dance and rock. And the 45-minute incidental suite 45:33 offered an encyclopedic survey of electronic dance music.

Six Finger satellite’s keyboardist Juan Maclean harked back to the spirit (if not the sound) of robotic visionaries such as Human League and Devo for the disco-revival of Less Than Human (2005)

At the peak of the fad, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah became a sensation with Clap Your Hands Say Yeah (2005).

Ironically, it was the Scissor Sisters, emerging from the alternative queer scene of New York, who became the best-selling act of the whole movement with Scissor Sisters (2004) and Ta-Dah (2006). But they were pushing the electroclash movement towards a more superficial revival of glam-rock and disco-music.

Late comers included New York's duo MGMT (Andrew Vanwyngarden and Ben Goldwasser), who took inspiration from disco-music and synth-pop for Oracular Spectacular (2008). and the Blank Dogs, the project of Mike Sniper, who sounded like a sloppy, lo-fi version of Joy Division in the countless singles of 2007.

Capitalizing on an old idea by Coldcut, Pennsylvania-based laptop musician Gregg Gillis, disguised under the moniker Girl Talk, offered hyperkinetic and hyperdemented "plunderphonics" for the dancefloor (in other words, infectious dance music created from snippets of old pop hits) on a series of albums such as Night Ripper (2006), Feed the Animals (2008) and All Day (2010), each one a carefully-scripted nostalgia-drenched hyperkinetic and hyperdemented collage and mock opera, packing hundreds of ephemeral samples in a few hectic minutes.

A more trivial project of “plunderphonics” was carried out by the Finnish producer JS666 (1), who assembled albums that were chaotic high-tech collages of styles and forgeries. His debut I (2007) contains 37 breathless compositions that steal rhythms, melodies and riffs from folk, rock and dance music.

Disco revival

Acts such as LCD Soundsystem and the Scissor Sisters were part of a general revival of the Euro-disco format of the 1970s.

New York-based Osunlade had offered an original revision of disco-music with the Afro-spiritual hybrid of deep house, soul, jazz and world-music debuted on Paradigm (2001).

Norwegian producer Hans-Peter Lindstrom (1) rediscovered Giorgio Moroder's cosmic disco-music starting with the sleek hypnosis of I Feel Space (2005) and peaking with the 29-minute psychonaut Where You Go To I Go Too, off Where You Go I Go Too (2008).

French dj Pascal "Vitalic" Arbez concocted an original take on disco-music with OK Cowboy (2005).

French duo Justice (Xavier de Rosnay and Gaspard Auge), revealed by the singles Never Be Alone (2004) and Waters of Nazareth (2005), specialized in catchy, pounding and lushly-arranged retro-sounding house music for analog keyboards, leaning towards Daft Punk's "big beat" on Cross (2007).

Australia's Cut Copy (1), aka Dan Whitford, set the orchestral pop of In Ghost Colours (2008) to a retro-disco beat and then added the rock guitar in disorienting manners.

Hercules And Love Affair injected a childish optimism (in a genre that had been largely hijacked by the DFA-influenced neo-existentialist crowd) with the effervescent dance jams of Hercules And Love Affair (2008).

Dutch producer Tiesto (Tijs Verwest), already a legendary dj, became an international star of electronic dance music, particularly the "trance" style, thanks to the hits of In My Memory (2001). The star of house music was French producer David Guetta, from Love Is Gone (2007) to Where Them Girls At (2011).

Indirectly, this age was more about the audience than about the performer, more about the dancing than about the music. During the first decade of rock music the performer (especially in Britain) had increasingly used the body to complement the music. Pete Townshend's guitar swashbuckling and Mick Jagger's histrionics were as much part of the process as the actual notes of the song. This idea peaked with Jimi Hendrix's acrobatics, the ultimate form of "body music" in which the instrument appeared to be a mere extension of the human body, an additional limb driven by an additional sense. On the other hand the audience had been relatively passive, limiting its role at shouting, clapping and (at best) singing along. The turntablist of hip-hop music was the heir of Hendrix, but the center of mass was shifting towards the audience. The rise of electronic instrumentation and of the dj was almost completely reversing the old paradigm. The performer was largely passive, simply spinning a record or programming the electronics, while the audience was engaging in increasingly creative body movements.

The Return of Funk-punk

The Talking Heads and underground acts like the Contortions and ESG, that established a credible format of funk-punk fusion in the early 1980s, exerted the biggest influence on the new generation.

Rapture (1), reborn in New York under the supervision of production duo DFA, turned dance-music into a self-flagellation process with the mini-album Out Of The Races And Onto The Tracks (2001) and the album Echoes (2003). The most successful songs achieved a disturbing sense of alienation and frustration by staging rituals that, as in the most orthodox new-wave aesthetics, were supposed to be hedonistic but turned out to be the opposite.

Out Hud (1), formed in Sacramento (California) by keyboardist Justin Vandervolgen, guitarist Tyler Pope and bassist Nic Offer, ranked among the earliest and most creative members of the funk-punk movement. The conceptual centerpiece of the all-instrumental monster revisionist Street Dad (2002) was the twelve-minute The L Train is a Swell Train and I Don't Want to Hear You Indies Complain, a syncopated and tribal techno ballet that mixed oneiric guitar tones, industrial-grade panzer rhythms and a symphony of quirky background noises.
Their offshoot !!! (1), featuring the same core trio of Vandervolgen, Pope and Offer (and pronounced "chik chik chik"), concocted even more savage hybrids, such as the nine-minute There's No Fucking Rules Dude, off !!! (2002), contaminated with psychedelic, hip-hop, dissonant and ska elements, and the relentlessly mutating funk machine of Me And Giuliani Down By the School Yard (2003), off the eponymous EP. Their mission was to set up and trigger deranged groove-driven workouts that sounded like parodies but actually constituted the new avantgarde. A more austere and at times even gloomy tone permeated the hypnotic and orgiastic dance music of Louden Up Now (2004). While Out Hud delivered the thumping feverish eleven-minute techno locomotive Dear Mr Bush There are Over 100 Words for Shit and Only 1 for Music on Let Us Never Speak Of It Again (2005), !!! indulged in breakneck multi-layered collage-like dance numbers on Myth Takes (2007). The overall feeling of these albums was closer to a psychoanalysis of the post-industrial digital world than to a nostalgic reminiscence of the pre-digital era.

Erase Errata (1), four riot-grrrrls from San Francisco, harked back to the most savage purveyors of funk-punk (such as the Contortions and the Gang of Four), showcasing hysterical vocals, dissonant guitar and stormy rhythms on Other Animals (2001), and achieving a deranged fusion of new wave, no wave and punk-rock on Nightlife (2006).

The Numbers, a trio from San Francisco formed by vocalist and drummer Indra Dunis, guitarist Dave Broekema and keyboardist Eric Landmark, played neurotic robotic dance-punk, especially on In My Mind All The Time (2004).

Washington's Black Eyes (2) emulated the percussive nightmares of the Girls Vs Boys on Black Eyes (2003) and Cough Cough (2004), thanks to two drummers and two bassists, but the chaotic structures, the funk undercurrents and the jazz shadowing harked back to Rip Rig & Panic.

English duo Mu (USA-born deep-house producer Maurice Foulton and Japanese-born vocalist Mutsumi Kanamori) adopted the deviant jazzy funk-punk of the Rip Rig & Panic tradition on Afro Finger and Gel (2003).

The Return of minimal techno

The Cologne school of ambient techno (Gas, Markus Guentner, etc) found a natural heir in Yagya, the project of Icelandic producer Aalsteinn Gumundsson, on The Rhythm of Snow (2002).

Polmo Polpo (Toronto-based producer Sandro Perri) fused minimal techno, droning textures and cello melodies on The Science Of Breath (2002).

Scottish dj Alex Smoke (Alex Menzies) practiced a nocturnal fusion of minimal techno and glitch music on Incommunicando (2005).

The Coldest Season (2007) by Echospace, the duo of Chicago-area producers Rod Modell and Steve "Soultek" Hitchell, performed on old-fashioned analog devices, sounded like a tribute to German minimal techno of the late 1990s.

Another milestone for minimal techno was From Here We Go Sublime (2007) by Field, the project of Swedish producer Axel Willner. Its blissful pieces owed more to collage, ambient and psychedelic styles than to the original minimal techno.

Meanwhile, Japanese electronic and digital musician Ametsub (1) contaminated abstract digital soundsculpting with kitschy atmospheres and creative beatscapes on Linear Cryptics (2006) and The Nothings Of The North (2010).

Several German producers introduced highly creative variations on the minimal-techno dogma (skeletal, skittery, hypnotic and ominous sound): Pantha Du Prince (1), born Hendrik Weber, turned the style into a twisted, pulsating, heavenly form of instrumental synth-pop on This Bliss (2007); Glitterbug (Till Rohmann) crafted minimal techno littered with field recordings and drenched in cosmic electronic scenography on Supershelter (2008). Ulrich Schnauss opted for a more conventional format of electronic poems over dance beats on A Strangely Isolated Place (2004), influenced by dream-pop and shoegazing rock.

Manchester’s expressionist techno

Manchester-based dj and techno producer Andy Stott (1) coined a slow-motion jarring brand of murky noir techno with the mini-album Passed Me By (2011), the EP We Stay Together (2011), and the album Luxury Problems (2012).

Coming out of Oxford, instead, James Holden (1) delivered a classy survey of robotic rhythm, from jovial syncopation to apocalyptic pounding, on Idiots are Winning (2006).

IDM and Glitch