A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence - The 1960s

Click here for the other decades | An appendix to the Bibliography on Mind
All of these events are explained in my book "Intelligence is not Artificial".

Slide presentation "AI and the Singularity"

TM, ®, Copyright © 1996-2017 Piero Scaruffi except pictures. All rights reserved.

1960: Henry Kelley and Arthur Bryson invent backpropagation 1960: Donald Michie's reinforcement-learning system MENACE 1960: Hilary Putnam's Computational Functionalism ("Minds and Machines") 1960: The backpropagation algorithm 1961: Melvin Maron's "Automatic Indexing" 1961: Karl Steinbuch's neural network Lernmatrix 1961: Leonard Scheer's and John Chubbuck's Mod I (1962) and Mod II (1964) 1961: Space General Corporation's lunar explorer 1962: IBM's "Shoebox" for speech recognition 1962: AMF's "VersaTran" robot 1963: John McCarthy moves to Stanford and founds the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) 1963: Lawrence Roberts' "Machine Perception of Three Dimensional Solids", the birth of computer vision 1963: Jim Slagle writes a program for symbolic integration (calculus) 1963: Edward Feigenbaum's and Julian Feldman's "Computers and Thought" 1963: Vladimir Vapnik's "support-vector networks" (SVN) 1964: Peter Toma demonstrates the machine-translation system Systran 1965: Jack Good (Isadore Gudak) speculates about "ultraintelligent machines" (the "singularity") 1965: The Case Institute of Technology builds the first computer-controlled robotic arm 1965: Ed Feigenbaum's Dendral expert system 1965: Gordon Moore's Law of exponential progress in integrated circuits ("Cramming more components into integrated circuits", 1965) 1965: Herbert Simon predicts that "Machines will be capable, within 20 years, of doing any work a man can do" 1965: Hubert Dreyfus's "Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence" 1965: Lotfi Zadeh's Fuzzy Logic 1965: Alexey Ivakhnenko publishes the first learning algorithms for multi-layered networks 1965: Bruce Lacey's robot Rosa Bosom at the Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition of computer art 1966: Robert McGhee's "Phony Pony" four-legged robot 1966: Leonard Baum popularizes the Hidden Markov Model ("Statistical Inference for Probabilistic Functions of Finite State Markov Chains") 1966: Ross Quillian's semantic networks 1966: Joe Weizenbaum's Eliza 1966: ALPAC report on Machine Translation 1967: Charles Fillmore's Case Frame Grammar 1968: Glenn Shafer's and Stuart Dempster's "Theory of Evidence" 1968: Jerry Feldman's Hand-eye system 1969: Christopher Longuet-Higgins' associative memory 1969: Marvin Minsky & Samuel Papert's "Perceptrons" kill neural networks 1969: First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) at Stanford 1969: Stanford Research Institute's Shakey the Robot (Nils Nilsson and others) 1969: Victor Scheinman's "Stanford arm" 1969: Roger Schank's Conceptual Dependency Theory for natural language processing 1969: Cordell Green's automatic synthesis of programs 1969: John McCarthy's "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence" and the frame problem