A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence - The 1990s

| Click here for the other decades An appendix to the Bibliography on Mind
All of these events are explained in my book "Intelligence is not Artificial".

Slide presentation "AI and the Singularity"

TM, ®, Copyright © 1996-2017 Piero Scaruffi except pictures. All rights reserved.

1990: Carver Mead describes a neuromorphic processor 1990: Robert Jacobs' "mixture-of-experts" architecture 1990: Robert Schapire's "boosting" for machine learning 1990: Jordan Pollack's recursive auto-associative memory (RAAM) 1990: Peter Brown at IBM implements a statistical machine translation system 1990: Ray Kurzweil's book "Age of Intelligent Machines" 1991: Isabelle Guyon adapts Vapnik's support vector machine (SVM) to pattern classification 1992: Hava Siegelmann and Eduardo Sontag prove that recurrent neural networks are equivalent to Turing machines 1992: Ron Williams' REINFORCE algorithm 1992: Long-ji Lin's "experience replay" algorithm for reinforcement learning 1992: Hava Siegelmann's and Eduardo Sontag's Analog Recurrent Neural Networks 1993: Masayuki Inaba's remote-brained robots 1993: Rodney Brooks' Cog robot 1993: Tom Mitchell's Xavier robot 1994: The first "Toward a Science of Consciousness" conference in Tucson, Arizona 1994: Ernst Dickmanns' self-driving car drives more than 1,000 kms near the airport Charles-de-Gaulle in Paris 1994: Jonathan Schaeffer's Chinook wins the world championship of checkers 1995: Tin-kam Ho's random decision forests 1995: First "No Free Lunch" theorem by David Wolpert 1996: Honda's humanoid robot P2 1996: David Field & Bruno Olshausen's sparse coding 1996: Atsuo Takanishi's Wabian (WAseda BIpedal humANoid) 1997: Mikel Forcada's and Ramon Neco's "encoder-decoder" model for machine translation 1997: Jeurgen Schmidhuber's and Sepp Hochreiter's Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model 1997: NASA's Mars Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys the first roving robot, Sojourner 1997: IBM's "Deep Blue" chess machine beats the world's chess champion, Garry Kasparov 1998: Yann LeCun's LeNet-5 1998: Sebastian Thrun's Minerva and Pearl robots 1998: Thorsten Joachims' "Text Categorization With Support Vector Machines" 1998: Two Stanford students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, publish the paper "The Anatomy of a Large-scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine" and launch the search engine Google